COVID-19 and XDR Typhoid Co-epidemic in Pakistan
Keywords:
COVID-19, XDR Typhoid, Salmonella TyphiAbstract
Typhoid fever is a major public health problem since November 2016 in developing countries, which also includes Pakistan. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge has been seen in the expression of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid due to poor sanitary disposal in hospitals and other public places. The XDR strain of Salmonella typhi is still vulnerable to azithromycin, but its extensive use for the treatment might impede its effectiveness against XDR soon. And if azithromycin does develop resistance, it will lead to life-threatening issues in more than 15% of untreated patients, and the death toll will increase. Fighting COVID-19 and XDR simultaneously is a huge burden on the health system of Pakistan and can crush its backbone if the issue is not addressed properly at the national level. Therefore, awareness about the severity of the issue along with its management needs to reach the masses. Keywords: COVID-19; XDR Typhoid; Co-epidemic; PakistanReferences
Klemm EJ, Shakoor S, Page AJ, Qamar FN, Judge K, Saeed DK, et al. Emergence of an Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Clone Harboring a Promiscuous Plasmid Encoding Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Third-Generation Cephalosporins. mBio. 2018;9(1):e00105-18. DOI:10.1128/ mBio.00105-18.
Crump JA. Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology. Clin Inf Dis. 2019;68 (Suppl 1):S4–9. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy846.
Mukhopadhyay B, Sur D, Gupta SS, Ganguly NK. Typhoid fever: Control & challenges in India. Indian J Med Res. 2019;150(5):437–47. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_411_18.
Khan, E. (2019). Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever: An emerging Public Health Crisis. Rawal Medical Journal, 44, 1-3.
Moser-van der Geest N, Schibli A, Huber LC. CME: Typhoid Fever - Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis, Therapy and Prevention. Praxis. 2019;108(14):937–43. DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003319.
Kumar P, Kumar R. Enteric Fever. Indian J Pediatr. 2017; 84(3), 227–230. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2246-4.
Rasheed F, Saeed M, Alikhan NF, Baker D, Khurshid M, Ainsworth EV, et al. Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in Salmonella Typhi in Lahore, Pakistan. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1336.
Akram J, Khan AS, Khan HA, Gilani SA, Akram SJ, Ahmad FJ, Mehboob R. Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Typhoid: Evolution, Prevention, and Its Management. BioMed Res Int. 2020, 6432580. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6432580.
Azhar AB, Khalid A, Shah S. The Implications of Extensive Drug-resistant Typhoid Fever: A Case Report. Cureus. 2019;11(6), e5032. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5032.
Ahmad S, Tsagkaris C, Aborode AT, Ul Haque MT, Khan SI, Khawaja UA, et al. A skeleton in the closet: The implications of COVID-19 on XDR strain of typhoid in Pakistan. Public Health Prac. 2021;2:100084. DOI: 10.1016/ j.puhip. 2021. 100084.
Haqqi A, Khurram M, Din M, Aftab MN, Ali M, Ahmed H, Afzal MS. COVID-19 and Salmonella Typhi co-epidemics in Pakistan: A real problem. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1); 184–6. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26293.
Yang YA, Chong A, Song J. Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design. Vaccines. 2018;6(3):45. DOI: 10.3390/ vaccines 6030045.
Gibani MM, Britto C, Pollard AJ. (2018). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a call to action. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(5):440–8. DOI: 10.1097/QCO.00000000 00000479.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
