Exploring Pulmonary Health Disparities and the Role of Social Determinants in Underserved Communities of Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Health disparities persist globally, especially in low and middle-income countries like Pakistan, significantly affecting pulmonary health outcomes. Social determinants, including social, economic, and environmental factors, play a vital role in these disparities. Objective: This study investigates how social determinants contribute to pulmonary health disparities in underserved Pakistani communities. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the study was focused on underserved areas with limited access to essential pulmonary healthcare due to economic, social, or systemic barriers. Data from participants of all ages and genders in these communities were collected over a year. Statistical analysis explored the relationship between social determinants and pulmonary health disparities. Results: Education disparities were evident, with 33.88% (n= 5590) lacking formal education. Income issues affected 35.56% (n= 5864) living below the poverty line. Limited pulmonary healthcare access affected 42.24% (n= 6970), and 48.36% (n= 7980) lived in overcrowded housing. Pulmonary health literacy was limited for 29.45% (n= 4860). Pulmonary health outcomes showed disparities: infectious pulmonary diseases (15.5% n= 2550), chronic pulmonary diseases (25.8% n= 4250), maternal and child pulmonary health (18.0% n= 2975), mental pulmonary health (20.6% n= 3400), and nutritional pulmonary health (20.1% n= 3325). Conclusion: Addressing social and economic determinants, such as health literacy, living conditions, pulmonary healthcare access, and education, is crucial to reducing pulmonary health inequities in Pakistan's underserved communities.