Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapors on Lung Histomorphology: A Comparative Study in Rats

Authors

  • Sara Jadoon Department of Anatomy, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan
  • Atif Hussain Department of Anatomy, Women Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan
  • Sadaf Shaheen Department of Anatomy, Women Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan
  • Nida Qasim Hayat Department of Anatomy, Women Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan
  • Sumaira Javed Department of Anatomy, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan
  • Humaira Imtiaz Department of Anatomy, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad - Pakistan

Keywords:

Histomorphological Changes, Nicotine, Smoking, Electronic Cigarettes

Abstract

Background: The use of electronic cigarettes, or vaping, to obtain nicotine is gaining popularity. Numerous researches have demonstrated the potential health risks and development of nicotine dependency associated with smoking electronic cigarettes. The effects of traditional and electronic cigarettes on lung tissue were evaluated in this study. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the Lung Histomorphological changes exposed to Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapors in Rats Methodology: This study was conducted at the Women Medical College Abbottabad and Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. The study duration was six months from July 2022 to December 2022. The study was conducted on, 30 male Wistar rats collected from NIH Islamabad. Three groups of animals were used: group C was the control group, meaning it did not get any nicotine; group A received liquid vapor from electronic cigarettes; and group B rats were exposed to regular smoking. Results: Both experimental groups exhibited several abnormalities, including as collagen deposition, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, parenchymal collapse, and an upsurge in macrophages inside a thicker alveolar septa. There was also evidence of an early elastolysis. In contrast to the group exposed to ordinary cigarette smoke, there were more α-SMA positive myofibroblasts and blood vessels, and the elastic fibers were thicker, less dense, irregular, and disordered. Conclusion: Our study concludes that using electronic cigarettes causes fewer severe histomorphological changes than smoking regular cigarettes. However, the histopathological damage caused by vaping may lead to the formation of alterations in lung tissue that obstruct gas exchange.

References

Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A. Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36:24–31. DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.151771.

Ratajczak A, Feleszko W, Smith DM, Goniewicz M. How close are we to definitively identifying the respiratory health effects of e-cigarettes? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12:549–556. DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1483724.

Al-Obaidi S, Mathew TC, Dean E. Exercise may offset nicotine-induced injury in lung tissue: A preliminary histological study based on a rat model. Exp Lung Res. 2012;38:211–221. DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.666331.

Avino P, Scungio M, Stabile L, Cortellessa G, Buonanno G, Manigrasso M. Second-hand aerosol from tobacco and electronic cigarettes: Evaluation of the smoker emission rates and doses and lung cancer risk of passive smokers and vapers. Sci Total Environ. 2018;642:137–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.059.

Vicary GW, Ritzenthaler JD, Panchabhai TS, Torres-González E, Roman J. Nicotine stimulates collagen type I expression in lung via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Respir Res. 2017;18(115). DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0596-8.

Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P III. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;192:29–60. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2.

Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, et al. Vapours produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavourings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One. 2015;10(e0116732). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116732.

Wu Q, Jiang D, Minor M, Chu HW. Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(e108342). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108342.

Yong HH, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, Borland R, Gravely SM, McNeill A, et al. Does the regulatory environment for E-cigarettes influence the effectiveness of E-cigarettes for smoking cessation?: Longitudinal findings from the ITC four country survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:1268–1276. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx056.

Mohamed MH, Rahman A, Jamshed S, Mahmood S. Effectiveness and safety of electronic cigarettes among sole and dual user vapers in Kuantan and Pekan, Malaysia: A six-month observational study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1028). DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5951-2.

McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (Epub ahead of print). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2.

Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(CD000146). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5.

Wagener TL, Floyd EL, Stepanov I, Driskill LM, Frank SG, Meier E, et al. Have combustible cigarettes met their match? The nicotine delivery profiles and harmful constituent exposures of second-generation and third-generation electronic cigarette users. Tob Control. 2017;26:e23–e28. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053041.

Verhaegen A, Van Gaal L. Do E-cigarettes induce weight changes and increase cardiometabolic risk? A signal for the future. Obes Rev. 2017;18:1136–1146. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12568.

Camenga DR, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Krishnan-Sarin S. Current and former Smokers' use of electronic cigarettes for quitting smoking: An exploratory study of adolescents and young adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:1531–1535. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw248.

Buu A, Hu YH, Piper ME, Lin HC. The association between e-cigarette use characteristics and combustible cigarette consumption and dependence symptoms: Results from a national longitudinal study. Addict Behav. 2018;84:69–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.035.

Sassano MF, Davis ES, Keating JE, Zorn BT, Kochar TK, Wolfgang MC, Glish GL, Tarran R. Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay. PLoS Biol. 2018;16(e2003904). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904.

Burkholder TH, Niel L, Weed JL, Brinster LR, Bacher JD, Foltz CJ. Comparison of carbon dioxide and argon euthanasia: Effects on Behavior, Heart Rate, and respiratory lesions in rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2010;49:448–453.

Fawell JK, Thomson C, Cooke L. Respiratory artefact produced by carbon dioxide and pentobarbitone sodium euthanasia in rats. Lab Anim. 1972;6:321–326. DOI: 10.1258/002367772781006185.

Novotný L, Misík J, Karasová J, KuÄa K, Bajgar J. Influence of different ways of euthanasia on the activity of cholinesterases in the rat. J App Biomedicine. 2009;7:133–136.

Pierozan P, Jernerén F, Ransome Y, Karlsson O. The choice of euthanasia method affects metabolic serum biomarkers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;121:113–118. DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12774.

Stutler SA, Johnson EW, Still KR, Schaeffer DJ, Hess RA, Arfsten DP. Effect of method of euthanasia on sperm motility of mature Sprague-Dawley rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2007;46:13–20.

Brooks DM, Hand WR Jr. A Cost analysis: General endotracheal versus regional versus monitored anesthesia care. Mil Med. 1999;164:303–305.

Varghese F, Bukhari AB, Malhotra R, De A. IHC profiler: An open source plugin for the quantitative evaluation and automated scoring of immunohistochemistry images of human tissue samples. PLoS One. 2014;9(e96801) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096801.

Hernández-Morera P, Castaño-González I, Travieso-González CM, Mompeó-Corredera B, Ortega-Santana F. Quantification and statistical analysis methods for vessel wall components from stained images with Masson's Trichrome. PLoS One. 2016;11(e0146954). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146954.

Li Z, Liu X, Wang B, Nie Y, Wen J, Wang Q, Gu C. Pirfenidone suppresses MAPK signalling pathway to reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2017;22:589–597. DOI: 10.1111/nep.12831.

Canistro D, Vivarelli F, Cirillo S, Babot Marquillas CB, Buschini A, Lazzaretti M, Marchi L, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Lodovici M, et al. E-cigarettes induce toxicological effects that can raise the cancer risk. Sci Rep. 2017;7(2028). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02317-8.

Jongenelis MI, Brennan E, Slevin T, Kameron C, Rudaizky D, Pettigrew S. Differences in use of electronic nicotine delivery systems by smoking status and demographic characteristics among Australian young adults. Health Promot J Austr. 2019;30:207–211. DOI: 10.1002/hpja.202.

Rohde JA, Noar SM, Horvitz C, Lazard AJ, Cornacchione Ross J, Sutfin EL. The role of knowledge and risk beliefs in adolescent E-Cigarette use: A pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(pii: E830). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040830.

Melin K, Conte-Schmidt N, Martínez-Arroyo K, Rosa-Pérez K, Soto-Avilés AE, Hernández-Muñoz JJ. Knowledge and perceptions of E-cigarettes and the motivations for their use: Talking to smokers (E-cigarettes and/or Conventional Cigarettes) and Non-smokers in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J. 2018;37

Hughes JR, Callas PW. Prevalence of withdrawal symptoms from electronic cigarette cessation: A cross-sectional analysis of the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health. Addict Behav. 2019;91:234–237. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.002.

Case KR, Mantey DS, Creamer MR, Harrell MB, Kelder SH, Perry CL. E-cigarette-specific symptoms of nicotine dependence among Texas adolescents. Addict Behav. 2018;84:57–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.032.

Itoh M, Aoshiba K, Herai Y, Nakamura H, Takemura T. Lung injury associated with electronic cigarettes inhalation diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy. Respirol Case Rep. 2017;6(e00282). DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.282.

Lechasseur A, Jubinville É, Routhier J, Bérubé JC, Hamel-Auger M, Talbot M, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarette vapors affects pulmonary and systemic expression of circadian molecular clock genes. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(e13440). DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13440.

Moses E, Wang T, Corbett S, Jackson GR, Drizik E, Perdomo C, et al. Molecular Impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium. Toxicol Sci. 2017;155:248–257. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw198.

Valença SS, de Souza da Fonseca A, da Hora K, Santos R, Porto LC. Lung morphometry and MMP-12 expression in rats treated with intraperitoneal nicotine. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2004;55:393–400. DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00322.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-02

How to Cite

Jadoon, S. ., Hussain, A., Shaheen, S. ., Hayat, N. Q. ., Javed, S. ., & Imtiaz, H. . (2023). Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Vapors on Lung Histomorphology: A Comparative Study in Rats. Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine, 29(2), 215–222. Retrieved from https://pjcm.net/index.php/pjcm/article/view/820

Issue

Vol. 29 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Original Article

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.