Blood Coagulability and Inflammatory and Hematological Profiles Across Different Clinical States of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Keywords:
COPD, D-Dimer, Hematological Profiles, Hospitilized PatientsAbstract
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves persistent inflammation and vascular alterations that promote a prothrombotic state. Acute exacerbations and disease progression further activate clotting pathways, elevating thrombosis risk. The associations among coagulation parameters, inflammatory markers, haematological indices, and arterial blood gas values across COPD stages remain incompletely elucidated. Objective: To evaluate coagulation status and related inflammatory and hematological markers in patients with stable COPD, hospitalized COPD, critically ill COPD, and healthy controls. Methodology: This prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted at Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, and Muslim Youth University, Islamabad from January 2024 to September 2025. A total of 108 participants were enrolled and assigned equally to four groups: stable COPD outpatients, hospitalized COPD patients, intensive care unit (ICU) COPD patients, and healthy controls. Laboratory assessments included D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), hematocrit, red cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and arterial blood gas analysis. Results: D-dimer, CRP, MPV, PLR, and NLR differed significantly among groups (p ? 0.002), with the highest levels observed in critically ill patients. PT, aPTT, hematocrit, and platelet count showed no significant variation among groups. PaCO? demonstrated positive correlations with D-dimer, CRP, RDW, and MPV. Conclusion: Advanced stages of COPD are associated with heightened coagulation activity and inflammation. The observed relationship between D-dimer and PaCO? highlights the clinical utility of these markers for risk assessment.References
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